Reduced Relative Clauses with Verb+ing

1) What are reduced defining relative clauses? A reduced defining relative clause is a shorter form of a defining relative clause. Instead of using who / which / that + verb, we use verb + -ing to make sentences shorter, clearer, and more natural. Example: The winner is the person who gets the most points. → The winner is the person getting the most points. 2) When do we use verb + -ing? We can reduce a defining relative clause when: - the relative pronoun is who, which, or that - the verb is active, not passive - the meaning of the sentence stays clear Examples: I didn't see the man who was driving the car. → I didn't see the man driving the car. Students who live near the school walk there. → Students living near the school walk there. 3) How do we form reduced relative clauses? Remove who / which / that. Change the verb into verb + -ing. Examples: who works → working which plays → playing that uses → using 4) More examples The girl talking to the teacher is my sister. (The girl who is talking to the teacher.) I like books explaining science clearly. (Books that explain science clearly.) Anyone wanting to join should sign up today. (Anyone who wants to join.) 5) Common mistakes ⚠️ If the verb is passive, we use past participle (V3), not -ing. ❌ The car making in Germany ✅ The car made in Germany